Offshoring Essays

Offshoring Essays Offshoring Essay Offshoring Essay International Business Offshoring Introduction Offshoring also known as offshore outsourcing, is defined by firm activities being geographically relocated from the firms domestic country to a lower-cost foreign country (WTO, 2013). Frequently, the operations are offshored from industrialized countries to less-developed countries in order to reduce labor expenses and to leverage the cost advantage. The aim of this report is to explore on the aspect of the offshoring and answer the question is it beneficial to the society. In the further part this report will evaluate on the aspect of reshoring as the process of companies eturning back to home country that is currently taking place. The aim will be to answer the question whether it is as a result of the correction to offshoring or a reaction to a change in circumstances and a rethinking of strategy by companies. Offshoring concept and potential benefits and drawbacks to the society The concept of the offshoring in the increasingly dynamic global market has been introduced as an answer to Multi National Enterprises (here and after MNE) how to stay competitive growing. In the era of globalization and economic turmoil, the idea f gaining competitive advantage has become as a priority. However, shifting production has raised the arguments against the exportation of the Jobs from the home country. This can cause higher unemployment and the exclusion particular jobs from the market. Table 1. 1 presents the percentage of lost Jobs due to offshoring. In some cases, such as Portugal, offshoring accounts for more than 50% (Figure 1) as a reason of lost Jobs (WTO, 2011). Figure 1: Total Job losses due to offshoring announced in the ERM, by country, in 2005. Daniels and Sullivan (2013) pointed that reason for MNE to move low-skilled Jobs to hird part country is to lower the price for their products and services. The price competitiveness determinates competitive advantage and growth of the company. As a result growing company can create new Jobs, higher-skilled and better paid. Recent trends, however, show that in order to stay competitive, MNE are ready to shift more Research of 2,700 US and European companies showed that 700,000 higher-skilled jobs were outsourced in 2009 and another 250,000 will be through 2014 (Daniels, Sullivan, 2013). As Roberts pointed out (2013), to stay balanced with the population rowth between 2002 and 2011 US economy needed around 14 million new Jobs. However, at the end of 2011 there were only 1 million more Jobs than in 2002. Within this period 3,5 million of middle class manufacturing Jobs were lost. 1,188,000 new waitresses and bartenders Jobs were created, lowly paid service Jobs that cannot be offshored. MNE seek for offshoring not only to gain production cost efficiency but also to reach other resources hardly or not available internally. Study of Oshri and Kotlarsky (2009) on strategic drivers and risks of offshoring (Figure 2), based on nterview with Chief Information Officers (CIOs) and Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) of 263 European leading companies unveiled the priority drivers for offshoring. In contrast to common belief, Clos and CFOs pointed that access to skills not available internally is more important (64%) that cost reduction factor (41 (Oshri and Kotlarsky, 2011). This can be observed in the example of India. Today Indias higher education institutions produce 4. million skilled workforces annually (Business Standard, 2013), many of them specialized in software engineering, computer chip design, and code writing. This of course affects employees from other well developed countries as Indians specialists and engineers are lower paid. Figure 2: Key drivers of offshoring, source: Oshri and Kotlarsky (2009) Another issue that needs to be considered is the requalification and ability to adapt to Job market by redundant workers. High unemployment causes increasing costs for the government, either to retrain or provide with the benefits for the unemployed. People provided with benefits might struggle to raise money for their children education. They, without sufficient funds to gain higher qualification, may feel excluded from the society. Such situation certainly can affect productivity of whole generation. Furthermore, it was rightly noted by Roberts (2013) that short term strategy of Americans companies to reach profits cause them not only losing their best employees but also the consumers who buy their products. Employees being unemployed or doing lower paid Jobs are less presence in the consumer market. They also provide fewer retirement savings for future investments. Reshoring concept and drivers for MNE Due to increasing costs of offshoring number of businesses are turning to new trend of reshoring, coming back with the production to home country. In the last decade wages in China has gone up by 10-20% a year, faster than the labor productivity. The Chinese government has set a target for annual increases in the minimum wage of 13% until 2015. Moreover, a stronger Chinese currency has made the costs even higher (The Economist, 2013). On the other hand, the costs in the US are falling. It has been caused by lowering wages in some states due to high unemployment and agreements between businesses and unions (The Economist, 2013). This along with the increasing productivity, falling energy prices and come back with their operations. Additionally, oil price (Figure 3) that has been increasing in the last few years. As a result, cost of transportation from China or India has risen significantly. Figure 3: Figure 1. US crude oil prices (based on average prices paid by US refiners for all grades of oil based on EIA data) converted to 2012$ using CPI-Urban data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Due to high costs, in 2012, 37% of American companies with annual sales above $1 billion were planning or actively considering moving production back to US. Further 48% of companies with sales above $10 billion came out as reshorers. Besides the increasing costs of offshoring, many companies faced the dilemma of dislocation of RD hubs from manufacturing sites. In many cases this causes negative effects. Many companies are reluctant to shift their innovation sites to other countries in order to not lose the valuable known-how and intellectual property. Some of the companies, looking for cost cut, moved production to other locations, most often closer to their borders. This new trend, called nearshoring, relates to the shifting the production and service activity to geographically closer locations. Figure 4 shows three clusters where the companies, called clients, located their facilities in distance- limited locations (Carmel, Abbott, 2007). Number of US companies shifted their operations to Mexico and South America. The average wage in Mexico is slightly higher than that in China. The costs of transporting products to US are far lower that from China, and the time of shipping from Mexico is counted in days, not weeks (The Economist, 2013). Figure 4: Global distribution of nearshore destinations and their division into three clusters. Conclusions and Recommendations As a conclusion, number of MNE from developed countries moved production sites and services to lower cost countries. This has been done in order to gain and keep competitive advantage over other competitors. However, over the past few years, businesses have faced increasing costs of operating in offshored countries. Despite that production costs in US might still be higher than in China, the gap has narrowed substantially, and it seems no longer to be a clinching reason for manufacturing in the emerging markets. Separate locations for innovation centers manufacture sites appeared to be a challenge for some companies as well. Problem their face is that host countries such as China, do not provide sufficient regulations to protect the intellectual property. Some firms are concerned about moving to China because of their fear to lose their technology and know-how. Some MNE decided to come back to home country, others relocated their sites to lower production cost countries closer to their borders. However, the aim of the nearshoring is the same as offshoring, cost efficiency, and is good alternative to many companies, not to the society in the home country. Offshoring is trend that will be playing important role ircumstances, the strategy of the MNE will change too. The countries perceived today as a source of low cost labor, have become more and more often seen as a consumer markets. China, after India most popular offshoring destination, is also 2nd the biggest economy in the world, with fast growing middle class and forecast to reach 630 million consumers by the 2022 (The Diplomat, 2013). Population of BRIC countries accounts for around 2. 6 billion, which is around 27% of world population and is still growing (worldometers, 2013). This means MNE will be still going offshore in order to gain their share in those markets. Producing and sending products from one place will not be rational in the few years. Globalisation and developing markets will force MNE to set up nearshoring instead of offshoring in order to be able to recognize and respond to local conditions quick. Increasing pressure for the local responsiveness will lead to multi-domestic strategy where MNE will have to deal with the consumer divergence and host-government policies (Daniels, Sullivan, 2013). The size of the reshoring will depend on the strength of the government and law-makers in the developing countries. Win the businesses over and make them come back to ome country will be one of the greatest challenges for the policy-makers in the coming years. References: Brakman, S. , Garretsen, H. et al. (2006), Nations and Firms in the Global Economy, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, Chapters 3, 4 5. Business Standard (2013), SWOT analysis I India as an offshoring destination, [Online] [Accessed on 26/10/2013] Available from: business- standard. com/article/economy-policy/swot-analysis-india-as-an-offshoring- destination-113070300226 1 . html Carmel, E. Abbott, P. (2007), Why Nearshore Means That Distance Matters, [Online] Accessed on 28/10/2013] Available from: http://auapps. merican. edu/†carmel/ papers/nearshore. pdf Daniels, J. , Radebaugh, L. , Sullivan, D. (2013), International Business. Environment and Operations, Essex, Pearson Education Limited, pp. 57-59, 467-468. G? ¶rg, H. , WTO (201 1), Globalization, offshoring and Jobs, Geneva, WTO Publications. K. pp. 146-185. Our Finite World, (2013), Ten Reasons Why High Oil Prices are a Problem, [Online] [Accessed on 27/10/2013] Available from: http://ourfiniteworld. c om/2013/01117/ten- reasons-why-high-oil-prices-are-a-problem/ Oshri, l. Kotlarsky, J. , Willcocks, L. 01 1), The Handbook of Global Outsourcing and Offshoring, 2nd edition, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 15. Roberts, P. (2012), America R. I. P. : Death of the Middle Class, Offshoring of American Jobs, [Online] [Accessed on 25/10/2013] Available from: globalresearch. ca/america-r-i-p- death-of-the-middle-class-offshoring-of-american-Jobs/5308637 Roberts, P. (2013), The Offshore Outsourcing of American Jobs: A Greater Threat Than Terrorism, [Online] [Accessed on 25/10/2013] Available from: http:// www. globalresearch. ca/the-offshore-outsourcing-of-american-]obs-a-greater-threat- than-terrorism/18725 The Economist (2013), Coming home, [Online] [Accessed on 26/10/2013] Available from: economist. com/news/special-report/21569570-growing-number- american-companies-are-moving-their-manufacturing-back-united The Economist (2013), Here, there and everywhere, [Online] [Accessed on 26/10/2013] Available from: economist. com/news/special-report/21 569572-after- decades-sending-work-across-world-companies-are-rethinking-their-offshoring The Economist, (2013), The story so far, [Online] [Accessed on 26/10/2013] Available from: economist. om/news/special-report/21 569574-offshoring-has- rought-huge-economic-benefits-heavy-political-price-story-so The Diplomat, Barton, D. (2013) Half a Billion: Chinas Middle-Class Consumers, [Online] [Accessed on 30/10/2013] Available from: http://thediplomat. com/pacific- money/2013/05/30/half-a-billion-chinas-middle-class-consumers/ WorldoMeters, (2013), Current World Population, [Online] [Accessed on 1/11/2013] Available from: worldometers. info/world- population/ WTO (2013), Supply Chain Issues, [Online] [Accessed on 20/10/2013] Available from: wto. org/english/res_e/booksp_e/aid4tradesupplychain13_part2_e. pdf

Here Is the Proper Way to Say Im Cold in German

Here Is the Proper Way to Say 'I'm Cold' in German This sentence may come up quite a bit in Germany, especially during the chilly winters with an often overcast sky: I am cold.   But beware of the direct translation from English.   Common German mistake: Ich bin kaltCorrect: Mir ist es kalt.Obviously, the incorrect version is an anglicism. Ich bin kalt is a typical German mistake that many students make at first. The correct version, mir ist es kalt, uses the dative of ich, namely mir. In essence, you are saying It is cold to me. While many Germans will understand what you mean if you say Ich bin kalt,  the  Ich  word actually refers to the temperature of you specifically, not the air around you. In other words, your body or your personality. Ich bin kalt  translates to mean I have a cold personality, and thats not exactly the kind of thing you want to go around saying if youre new to Germany. By making the Ich dative, you become the recipient of the cold air, which, if you think about it, is actually a lot more accurate. How To Say 'I Am Freezing' In German The rules are a bit different if you want to say you are freezing in German. You can say I am freezing in several ways: As a regular verb: Ich friere.  As an impersonal verb:  Mich friert or Es friert mich.If you want to state that a specific body part is freezing, then that part of the sentence will be in the dative:Es friert mich an  (dative noun). Es friert mich an den Fà ¼ÃƒÅ¸en. (My feet are freezing.)Similarly, you can also say  Ich habe kalte Fà ¼ÃƒÅ¸e. Related Expressions Other expressions stated in the same way as Mir ist es kalt, are as follows: Mir ist es warm. (I am warm.)   Mir wird es warm  . (I am getting warm.) Mir tut (etwas) weh. (My something hurts.)   Mir tut es weh. (It hurts me.) Ihr tut der Kopf weh. (Her head hurts.) Word order can be moved around: Der Kopf tut ihr weh.   (Her head hurts.)   Mein Bein tut mir weh.  (My leg hurts.) Es tut mir weh.   (It hurts me.)

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Government - Essay Example storical and legal front, the fact that American constitution and history never granted the approval for same sex marriages until recently on state level is another reason put forth by all those who oppose the moves of same sex practices. Going by the previous rulings of Supreme Court in the form of previous cases such as Bowers vs. Hardwick which came forth in 1986 where the actions and practices related to sodomy and homosexuality were declared illegal and illegitimate, and further the case of Romer vs. Evans case in 1996 where the final verdict was upheld as 6-3 against the grant request for allowing homosexual practices on state level, similarly other accounts of proceedings and cases put forth reveal that Supreme Court has been against the concept and practices of same sex marriages. Originally the constitution guarded for the opposite gender marriages. The pattern of same sex marriages became more prevalent towards 1990s when the formally existent law of First Restatement of Conflicts, on Marriage and Legitimacy was questioned and challenged in the court. This law was existent and related to the rulings of 1934. The long practiced customs of opposite sex marriage limitation has been challenged and questioned, both on legal and argument level grounds. It is being termed as the violation of the basic rights to the people. Freedom of expression with regard to their personal life, personal orientations and personal sexual desires and tendencies is also accounted for a reason why the same sex marriage must be allowed for practice and legal approval. As an effort to reduce the domestic expenditure, the forestry spendings is an area where the possible cut is possible. This would help the already incurred heavy losses in the form of 1 trillion plus U.S dollars. It will have positive impact on the different variables and factors associated with the annual budget and the normal living standard of the common American citizens. The possible slash on the forestry

VICA - Enjoy the difference Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

VICA - Enjoy the difference Company - Essay Example From this research it is clear that VICA - â€Å"Enjoy the difference† Company is keen to check the profit and losses incurred by the company. Focus on the workers’ demands is among the company’s major concerns, to develop a rapport between the management and the workers as well as, keep the company on its toes. The target group of the company’s City car falls below 25years while the Large car is persons between the ages of 41-55years. On the part of the City car the vehicle is suitable for short distances, and is affordable for the youngsters. On the other hand, the large car is suitable for the old people who require carrying luggage of varying sizes and moving over long distances. In the first round, the researcher’s group selected the City car and the Large car to be a man product. They found out the City car to be of low price, high volumes and makes the most profit. The group attempted to categorize the different characteristics of the target market. In terms of the City and large cars, the researcher’s group put in focus attributes of comfort, safety, speed, technology and style of the car. The reasons behind the selection of these attributes is that is the age group under the age of 25 years are more concerned with safety, style and technology of the make of the car. Contrary, the age group between 41- 55 years prefer a car that is comfortable, has a sense of style and high technology. In Round 1, the market share was designed in such a way that, it would target 1% of the City and Large cars. However, it proved extremely tasking to fit in the new market, with the competition posed by the gurus. The Company embarked on a mission to produce Citizen-the City car and Lugano- Large car. The two makes of vehicles incorporate a large percentage of the market share that contributes greatly to Round 4. In this round, there indicated a great deal of drop in the market share of the Citizen to 0.95% and Lugano, 1.39%. By th e end of the first year, the Citizens cars stood at 53,300 while Lugano’s was 40,950. The gross margin was 14.52% and 27.46% for Citizen and Lugano respectively. The drop indicated after the first round stood at 9.09% and 1.59% correspondingly. The reason behind this occurrence is the fact that, the number of vehicles selected by the target groups was slightly higher than what had been budgeted for in the earlier

Litmus Milk Procedural Essay Example for Free

Litmus Milk Procedural Essay Litmus milk is a complex medium that can potentially distinguish many species of bacteria. Litmus milk has several components that can be metabolized: lactose (milk sugar); casein (milk protein); and litmus (a pH indicator). If lactose is fermented, the solution should turn pink. If gas is produced during fermentation, you may be able to see bubbles or cracks in the milky medium. If lactose is not fermented and proteins are metabolized instead, the solution will become alkaline and turn blue in color. If casein is digested, the milk will coagulate to form a curd (a solid). Casein may be metabolized all the way down to individual amino acids. This process, called peptonization, results in a clear (not milky) liquid that is usually brown in color. Finally, the litmus may be reduced and become colorless. The culture will then look milk white. Materials: 1. Litmus Milk Broth 2. Bunsen Burner 3. Inoculation Loop 4. Nutrient slant 5. Goggles 6. Lab Coat 7. Incubator Procedure: 1. Get an Inoculation loop and sterilize it using the Bunsen burner. 2. Take bacteria from your nutrient slant on inoculation loop 3. Inoculate a litmus milk tube with the bacteria. 4. Incubate for 72 hours; observe results every 24 hours for 3 days.

Loyalty to ones king Essay example -- Poetry Poem essays research pape

â€Å"As soon as the Cid caught sight of the King he ordered all his men to halt†¦He knelt down on his hands and knees on the ground and with his teeth he pulled up a mouthful of grass. With tears of joy streaming from his eyes he showed in this way his complete submission to his liege lord, Alfonso.† What would cause a grown man to act in such a manner? The Cid was the ruler of Valencia, and the leader of thousands of soldiers. The Cid has defeated countless enemies and have been victorious in all his wars, he could have been almost thought of as a man without fear. Yet, as soon as he caught sight of the King who has exiled him from his land, he broke down and acted like an animal in front of the King. The ‘loyalty’ and ‘respect’ the Cid has for King Alfonso is the deepest between any characters in the entire poem. Although loyalty and respect is the deepest between the Cid and King Alfonso, there is also a great amount of loyalty and respect a mong different characters also. Such as the Cid and his loyal vassal Minaya, the Cid to his wife Don Jimena, his two daughters Dona Elvira and Dona Sol, and the Cid to his army. Loyalty and respect are very important themes that progresses stronger and stronger throughout the poem, loyalty can do good and bad to loved ones, but in this poem, it eventually led to conflicts with severe consequences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cid stayed loyal to King Alfonso throughout the entire poem. Never once did the Cid say anything bad or offensive towards the King. Although King Alfonso ostracized the Cid from his land, the Cid still respected the King and stayed loyal to him. The Cid was framed by Count Garcia Ordonez, Ordonez accused the Cid of greed. Ordonez told the King that the Cid kept money from him, which upset the King and eventually led to the Cid being exiled from the land. After being exiled, the Cid left the land with a small army and conquered numerous enemies and land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though King Alfonso was the one who sent the Cid away, the Cid tried to regain the position he once had in King Alfonso’s heart. In trying to do so, the Cid sent â€Å"thirty horses, all saddled and bridled, with swords hanging from their saddlebows.† King Alfonso was pleasantly surprised by such an action. This again proves the amount of loyalty and respect the Cid has for King Alfonso. Not only does he still remain loyal to the King, he even sends a great porti... ...uno Gustioz will fight in the Cid’s honor against the Infantes of Carrion: Fernando, Ansur, and Diego Gonzalez. The Cid’s three knights volunteered themselves for the battle and were not picked by the Cid. This shows the amount of loyalty and respect the Cid’s knights has for the Cid. The Cid’s knights were proud to defend their lord’s honor. All three of the Cid’s knights were victorious in all of their duels, and brought honor to the Cid and his family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loyalty and respect is a continuing theme in the poem. As the poem progresses, the theme of loyalty and respect evidently grows stronger and stronger. The Cid would not be a successful leader if he did not display such loyalty and respect to his troops. The Cid remained loyal to his king and his troops which paid off. By remaining loyal and fighting alongside his troops, he has gained loyalty back from his troops. The Cid led by example. Loyalty and respect is most evident between King Alfonso and the Cid, there are also strong signs of loyalty between Cid’s family and his vassals. Throughout the poem, Loyalty and respect proved to be good in many ways, but it can also cause harm to your loved ones if it is blind loyalty.

Climate Change in Vietnam

HCM CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY (HUTECH) FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENT & BIOTECHNOLOGY HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE CHANGE CONTENTS I. CLIMATE CHANGE I. 1. Greenhouse gas emission I. 2. Manifestation of climate change in Vietnam II. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMY II. 1. Impacts on ecosystems II. 2. Impacts on the economy II. 2. 1. Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture II. 2. 2. Impacts on the energy sector II. 3. Impacts on other economic sectors II. 4. Impacts on society I. CLIMATE CHANGE: I. 1.Greenhouse gas emission: Greenhouse gas emission (CO2, CH4, N2O) has continuously increased globally since the industrial revolution, especially due to human’s activities including the exploitation of fossils for industrial and agricultural production and transportation. Greenhouse gas accumulated over an extended period causes a greenhouse effect, which raises the global temperature. The level of greenhouse gas per person in Vietnam is lower than the worldà ¢â‚¬â„¢s average level (Table 1. ), but Vietnam is one of the countries that is most affected by climate change. Table 1. 1. Estimated greenhouse gas emmission level per person Unit:  Tons  of  CO2  equivalent/person | Year 2004| Year 2010| America *| 20| 21,6| Europe *| 11| 11| The world’s average *| 5| | China *| 4| | Vietnam **| 1,5| 1,6| Source:  (*)  Climate  Change  101:  Understanding  and  Responding to  Global  Climate  Change,  2007 (**)  Estimation  in  Vietnam  Initial  National  Communication  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Under  the United  Nations  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  change,  MoNRE,  2003Vietnam conducted a greenhouse gas emission inventory in 1993 (The first national inventory notice, 2004), in 1998 (Greenhouse gas emmision inventory report, 2008) and in 2000 (The second national notice, 2010). The inventory result showed that the total greenhouse gas emission in 2000 was 150. 9 million tons of eq. C O2. The emission structure has changed however compared to the previous years. The proportion of emission compared to the total figure has increased in the sectors of waste, energy and industrial processes (Diagram 1. ). Diagram 1. 1. The evolution of GHG emission of each sector in 1993,1998,2000 The inventory result in 2000 showed that agriculture was the biggest source of emission with 65 million tons of eq. CO2 (accounting for 43. 1%), which was followed by the energy sector (35%). But the agricultural emission proportion compared to the total emission reduced against the previous 2 inventories. GHG emission inventory research in sectors showed that only forestry and land use restructuring were able to absorb and reduce CO2.CO2 absorption by the forests and other kinds of land coverage was 75. 74 million tons of eq. CO2, and by soil 90. 85 million tons of eq. CO2. Totally, GHG emission from agriculture and land use restructuring was 15. 1 million tons, accounting for 10% of the t otal emission. There is much scientific evidence showing that the earth is heating up due to increasing GHG emission and global climate change is taking place rapidly and with significent impact. Thus, if GHG emission continues to increase, the impacts of climate change will be more serious.Countries, that have long coastlines and are located near the equator like Vietnam will have to face great impacts from climate change. I. 2. Manifestation of climate change in Vietnam: Climate change is taking place and causing great changes, which are shown in extreme and unusual weather phenomena experienced recently such as increasing temperature, strong storm, heavy rains, floods, drought, and rising sea level etc. Temperature: Over the last 50 years (1958-2007), the annual average temperature in Vietnam increased from between 0. – 0. 7 °C. The temperature in winter rose faster than that in summer and the temperature in the north rose faster than that in the south. In 2007, the annu al average temperature in Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City and Da Nang were higher than the average figures in 1931 to 1940 by 0. 8 -1. 3 °C and higher than that in 1991 – 2000 by 0. 4- 0. 5 °C (Source: The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). Rainfall: In each region, there was no big change in the annual average rainfall in each period and in different locations.However the annual rainfall reduced in the Northern climatic zones and increased in the Southern climatic zones. The national average rainfall over the last 50 years (1958 – 2007) reduced by 2%. However, rainfall pattern within the year changed with a negative trend: increasing in the rainy season and reducing in the dry season. Cold air: The number of cold spells that affected Vietnam reduced remarkably over the past 2 decades. However, unusual manifestation appeared more regularly.The latest one was a chilly cold spells that lasted for 30 days in January and February in 2008 in the Northern region. (Source: The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). Storm: In the recent past 5 to 6 decades, the frequency of tropical cyclones on the East sea increased by 0. 4 storm per decade; the frequency of tropical cyclones affected Vietnam increased by 0. 2 storm per decade; in recent years, high intensity storms appeared more regularly. The storm’s orbit trended southward and the stormy season ended later. Many storms travelled unusually and irregularly. Source: Vietnam’s second notice to the UN Convention Frame work on Climate Change, MONRE, 2010). Sea level: Monitoring data at Marine Observatories along Vietnam’s coastline showed that the average rise in sea level was 3mm/year (from 1993 – 2008) equivalent to the world’s average rate of increase. Over the last 50 years, sea level at Hon Dau marine observatory rose by 20cm (Source: The National Target Program to Respond to Climate Change, MONRE, 2008). II. IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMY Climate change is one of the biggest challenges for human beings in the 21st century.Climate change will cause serious impacts on production, life and environment globally. Increasing temperature and rising sea level causing flooding together with saline water sources that negatively affects agriculture will increase industrial risks and negatively impact future socio-economic systems. II. 1. Impacts on ecosystems: Sea water rise, more high-intensity natural disasters, sediment levels and saline level increases all have impacts on natural ecosystems. Rising sea level accelerates the landslide rate in the coastal areas and river mouths.It leads to the disappearance of mangrove forest such as the mangrove forest east of the Ca Mau cape, which is the natural habitat of many species. Rising sea level also floods the coastal areas, which has an impact on the growth of mangrove trees, especially those that are able to retain si lt banks and thus raise the level of the coastal areas, such as Avicennia, Sonneratia alba. Due to the impacts of climate change, natural forest ecosystems such as the dry dipterocarp forests, verdurous forests and deciduous forests have all reduced in acreage.The boundary of primeval forests and secondary forests can also change as a result. The dry dipterocarp forests will expand to the north; deciduous forests of drought tolerant plants will grow more strongly. High temperature can also lead to the extinction of some kinds of fauna and flora. Some kinds of plants such as aloe wood, textured wood and siadora Vietnamese, etc, can become extinct. Hundreds of animal species and plants have to change their habitats and life spans to adapt to climate change. II. 2. Impacts on the economy:Climate change has sizably impacts on some economic sectors, which indirectly put pressure on the environment II. 2. 1. Impacts on agriculture and aquaculture: Rising sea water and salt water intrusion in the Mekong River Delta and some areas in the Red River Delta, which are major agricultural hubs, threatens agricultural production and national food security. Salinity of 1†° has intruded landward by 50-60 km and salinity 4†° (harmful to plants) has intruded by 30-40 km from the river mouth. Source: The Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, 2008). The Mekong River Delta, which has 1,77 million ha of saline land, accounting for 45% of the total area, would be the most affected in the country. If sea level rises 30 cm, salinity of major branches of the Mekong River Delta would intrude by a further 10km. ESTIMATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO VIETNAM According  to  the  climate  change  scenerio,  if  sea  water rises  by  1m,  the  Mekong  river  Delta  will  be  40%  flooded land,  Ã‚  Red  Ã‚  river  Ã‚  Delta,  Ã‚  11%,  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  Ho  Ã‚  Chi  Ã‚  Minh  Ã‚  City,  Ã‚  over 20%.Nearly  10-12%  ofà ‚  national  population  will  be  directly affected  and  the  loss  of  Vietnam’s  GDP  is  estimated  at  10%. Source:  Vietnam  Insitute  of  Meterology  Hydrometeorology and  Environment,  MONRE,  2010 ESTIMATED IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO VIETNAM According  to  the  climate  change  scenerio,  if  sea  water rises  by  1m,  the  Mekong  river  Delta  will  be  40%  flooded land,  Ã‚  Red  Ã‚  river  Ã‚  Delta,  Ã‚  11%,  Ã‚  and  Ã‚  Ho  Ã‚  Chi  Ã‚  Minh  Ã‚  City,  Ã‚  over 20%. Nearly  10-12%  of  national  population  will  be  directly affected  and  the  loss  of  Vietnam’s  GDP  is  estimated  at  10%. Source:  Vietnam  Insitute  of  Meterology  Hydrometeorology and  Environment,  MONRE,  2010Increasing temperature would have impacts on productivity, increase the risk of diseases and change the plant structu re, which would cause food insecurity. Scientists have said that if the temperature increases 1 °C, it will affect 25% of productivity, such as rice at 10%, corn 5-20%, (would be 60% if the temperature rises 4 °C). The boundary of tropical plants will change toward higher mountain areas and northward. Increasing temperature affects the metabolism, growth rate, reproduction and seasonal crops of aquatic creatures, which are also prone to get diseases and be more exposed to toxic chemicals.Tropical fish (of low commercial value excluding tuna) would increase, while sub-tropical fish (high commercial value) would reduce. The oxygen content in water reduces sharply at night, which makes many kinds of shrimp and fish die or be stunted. II. 2. 2. Impacts on the energy sector: When the temperature increases, energy consumption of some production sectors and domestic consumption also increases as they use more electrical devices: fans, air-conditioners, industrial cooling systems, etc, as well as pumping water for plants.A study by the Energy Institute, the Ministry of Industry and Trade shows that when the temperature in summer rises 1 °C, additional electricity charged from 9 am to 4pm increases higher than in other hours by 2. 2%/year, meaning electricity consumption would increase by 1%, especially in domestic, commercial and service sectors. When the temperature increases, the thermal cycle output of steam turbines reduces, which wastes fuel. When the temperature increases 1 °C, coal consumption of a 300 MW coal-fired thermal power plant would increase 0. 5%, equivalent to 4,500 tons/year.For a gas-turbine power plant, when the temperature increase 1 °C, generating capacity will reduce the productivity of a 250 MW gas-turbine by 0. 5%, which loses 7. 5 million kWh annually. Unusual storms and floods and rising sea level would also negatively affect the electricity operation, transmission and distribution systems, oil rigs, oil and gas pipelines to the m ainland, and oil up-loading to storage tanks. Besides, due to unusual heavy storms, reservoirs of hydro-power stations could not effectively regulate water which increase risks to the lowland area.Rains and storms would cause landslides and destroy dykes and hydropower system, which would impact the environment on a large scale. II. 3. Impacts on other economic sectors: Storms, heavy rains and floods which increase in intensity and frequency, would damage and destroy infrastructure and facilities and damage the natural and social environment seriously, sometimes even to the extent where it is unable to recover. Rising sea level would make some beaches disappear, while others would adjust by shifting landward.It would affect cultural and historical sites, natural reserves and eco-tourism sites. Increasing temperature and shorter time of low temperature would reduce the attraction of mountain resorts, while the tourist season at the coast would last longer. (Source: Climate change imp acts on Vietnam). Construction and industrial clusters/zones built in the plains would face higher risks of flooding and difficulties in rainfall drainage as well as flooding caused by rising river and sea levels.Extreme weather conditions and natural disaster increase would reduce the durability of materials, devices, facilities and infrastructure. II. 4. Impacts on society: Climate change has direct and indirect influences on society and the community’s health. Unusual climate manifestation, prolonged cold and hot spells, increasing or reducing temperature have negative influences on people’s health.Climate change also cause epidemics and other sources of diseases to occur and spread more widely such as type A influenza H1N1 virus, type A influenza H5N1 virus, diarrhoea, cholera, and other kinds of tropical diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, dermatological diseases, sore eyes and poisoning. CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES THE NUMBER OF DISEASE IN FECTED PEOPLE If  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  temperature  Ã‚  increases  Ã‚  from  Ã‚  between 3  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  5 °C,  Ã‚  around  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  80  Ã‚  million  Ã‚  people  Ã‚  worldwide will  face  the  risk  of  getting  malaria  every  year. Source: Report  of  Action  Aid). Official  statistics  of  a  WHO  survey  in  2000  showed that  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  warming  Ã‚  was  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  cause  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  an  Ã‚  additional 155,000  Ã‚  deaths  Ã‚  in  Ã‚  low-income  Ã‚  countries,  Ã‚  due  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  its impact  on  food  productivity  and  malnutrition,  diseases such  as  diarrhoea,  malaria  and  flood  related  incidents. 85%  of  the  deaths  were  under-5  children  in  low  income countries. Source:  Asia  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Europe  conference  on  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sharing  experience  on responding  to  global  clima te  change  and  emerging  diseases, Hanoi,  2009CLIMATE CHANGE INCREASES THE NUMBER OF DISEASE INFECTED PEOPLE If  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  temperature  Ã‚  increases  Ã‚  from  Ã‚  between 3  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚  5 °C,  Ã‚  around  Ã‚  50  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  80  Ã‚  million  Ã‚  people  Ã‚  worldwide will  face  the  risk  of  getting  malaria  every  year. (Source: Report  of  Action  Aid). Official  statistics  of  a  WHO  survey  in  2000  showed that  Ã‚  global  Ã‚  warming  Ã‚  was  Ã‚  the  Ã‚  cause  Ã‚  of  Ã‚  an  Ã‚  additional 155,000  Ã‚  deaths  Ã‚  in  Ã‚  low-income  Ã‚  countries,  Ã‚  due  Ã‚  to  Ã‚  its impact  on  food  productivity  and  malnutrition,  diseases such  as  diarrhoea,  malaria  and  flood  related  incidents. 85%  of  the  deaths  were  under-5  children  in  low  income countries.Source:  Asia  Ã¢â‚ ¬â€œÃ‚  Europe  conference  on  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Sharing  experience  on responding  to  global  climate  change  and  emerging  diseases, Hanoi,  2009 Being aware of the climate change impacts, Vietnam’s Government has joined and ratified the UN Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol. After 2 years of implementation of the National Target Program on Climate Change Response, Vietnam has achieved initial noteworthy results. Ministries, sectors and localities have been preparing their Action Plans to respond to Climate change based on the premise of the National Action Plan.

Case Study Cultural Considerations of Shanghai Disneyland Essay

Shanghai Disneyland resort opening 2015 will have the biggest and tallest Cinderella castle in the world. The key players are the Chinese government, Disney, Shanghai Shendi Group and Mike Crawford, with the key event being the Chinese governments approval in 2009. The political, social considerations, education and economic environments are then explained. The context approach and dimensional approach are used to discuss the cultural considerations. The case will go on to discuss that while there are no current implications affecting the domestic and international business, it will tell of how Disney will benefit the Chinese economy, through growth in income, employment etc. It is recommended that Disney improve the cultural considerations through character costumes, food and by broadening their target market. The essay will look at the case of Shanghai Disneyland and discuss key players. Events and discuss case context through an international context. It will continue to determine the case issues and the relevant theories used to develop solutions to understanding the cross-cultural understandings of culture. The essay will then show the implementations that domestic and international businesses face that operate within the theme park industry, and give recommendations to improve the cross-cultural understandings. The Article looks at Disneyland opening in Shanghai in 2015 thanks to the Chinese governments approval on November 4, 2009 (Rapoza, 2013). The resort will compromise of two Disney hotels, 46,000 square meters for retail, dinning, entertainment venues, recreational facilities, a lake, parking and transport hubs (Rapoza, 2013). Shanghai Disney will have the biggest and tallest Cinderella’s castle in the world, will be interactive and called the Enchanted Storybook castle (Rapoza, 2013). Shanghai Disney sits on nearly 1,00 acres, and is three times bigger than Hong Kong Disney (Rapoza, 2013). The resort is budgeted at 24.5 billion Yuan ($3.7 billion) for the theme park and an additional 4.5 billion Yuan ($700 million) to build hotels and restaurant venues (Rapoza, 2013). Disney itself will own 43% of the property while the Shanghai Shendi Group will own the remaining 57% (Rapoza, 2013). Mike Crawford, Disney’s general manger states that ‘We are excited to see the resort development move into an intensive phase of construction’ and ‘We look forward to providing more updates in the future, as we reach key milestones’ (Rapoza, 2013). Key players in the case are the Chinese government, who hope to improve the local economy. The Shanghai Shendi Group, Disney and Mike Crawford are excited to reach key milestones towards the opening of Shanghai Disneyland. Disney have used various initiatives to lead to the approval of Shanghai Disneyland, included are television, motion pictures and consumer products (Yang, 2012). Key events started with the Chinese government’s approval for Disneyland to be China’s first mainland resort on November 4, 2009 (Rapoza, 2013). Hong Kong Disneyland then recorded profits of $14.1 million (Rapoza, 2013). Shanghai Disney has revealed that there will also be two themed hotels, with the grand opening late 2015 (Rapoza, 2013). In understanding culture it is imperative to understand the control of political, economic, educational and social variables (Kelley & Worthley, 1981). In China, political environments of both domestic and international companies operate under government control (Zhu & Xu, 2010). The Chinese government has been in talks with Disney for more than ten years, and has kept smooth communication (Zhu & Xu, 2010). It is important for Disney to have good relationship with the Chinese government as they share ownership of Shanghai Disneyland (Zhu & Xu, 2010). Due to China still being a developing country, Shanghai Disneyland has had to set a much lower entrance fee to catch more Chinese consumers (Zhu & Xu, 2010). Social considerations that Shanghai Disneyland has had to face are their main target group. Disneyland’s main target are children, in China however, children are expected to succeed academically before socially (Zhu & Xu, 2010). Most people in China do not speak English, and so Disney opened a chain of language schools in Shanghai, with the goal to teach children to speak English, Disney is also employing English and Chinese communicators (Brooks, 2009). High context cultures and low context cultures are used in understanding cross-cultural considerations, and can often lead to unintentional problems I the workplace and negotiations in governments (Beamer &Varner, 2011, p. 102). In a high context culture such as China, communication relies heavily on unspoken conditions or assumptions, whereas in a low context culture such as America (Disney), communication is usually taken at face value however, the context approach only represents one dimension (Peng, 2013, p. 37). However Hofstede’s dimensions of culture represent several dimensions and is far more influential and consists of long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity and femininity, individualism and collectivism and power distance (Peng, 2013, p. 37). Individualism and collectivism have impacted the case, due to Disney coming from an American/western culture, which is vast on individualism, and the Chinese being collectivists. Individualism values individual achievements, failures and rights over the collective (Beamer &Varner, 2011, p. 43). Collectivism values the group above the individual needs or rights (Beamer &Varner, 2011, p. 43). Disney was able to understand this particular issue and took advantage to use local companies instead of American resources to help build the technological environment and will help improve their reputation (Zhu & Xu, 2010). While there are no implications yet for domestic business in china, the Shanghai Disney project has already attracted many industries and corporations, including culture industries, restaurants, hotels and content production industries (Crawford, 2010, p.13). With a 330million target market population within a 3hour drive or train ride, and recent transportation investments will make Shanghai accessible by key provinces to Disneyland, which will all become a catalyst for growth (Crawford, 2010, p.13). This will generate income, employment, investment and infrastructure developments that can be leveraged by other industries (Crawford, 2010, p.4-20) There are no implications yet affecting international business in China. Shanghai will become a major destination for business travel with the opening of Disneyland in 2015 and for many state-owned enterprises establishing headquarters in the city (Jian, 2013). Shanghai has 230 international direct flights and all the worlds major hotel groups have hotels in the city to meet the business traveller demand (Jian, 2013). Through looking above it is shown that Shanghai Disneyland will improve the Chinese economy, and build growth towards their tourism industry in both domestic and international businesses. It is recommended that for Shanghai Disney to improve cultural perspectives, they should dress Disney characters in the Chinese Tang costume, and the food served to be Chinese-American. Disney would also need to adjust their main target in China, as students are more academically inclined and could therefore prepare for young couples and young families.

Free Essays on Comparason Of Art from 1600 AD

Comparison of the 3 Great Works of Art from 1600 AD The period 1600AD saw the emergence of a new art style, the Baroque, which became as one of the greatest style in art history. It focuses on more realistic and emotionally charged themes and a good alternative to earlier mannerism style which uses unrealistic and exaggerated approach. There were also an increased in appreciation and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture which known to be the classicism style. Both the Baroque and Classicism movement brought about some of the greatest artist and works of art in the art history, especially in painting. Among them are: The Calling of St. Mathew by Italian painter Caraggavio, The Elevation of the Cross by the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens, The Funeral of Phocion by French artist Nicolas Poussin. The Calling of St. Mathew was one of the famous works of Caravaggio in Baroque style. It tells the story of the summoning of Levi (St. Mathew’s name before he was converted) to become one of the Disciples of Christ. In the painting, Levi was counting on his tax collection with his four assistance. Surprised by the intrusion and perhaps dazzled by the sudden light from the just-opened door, Levi draws back and gestures toward himself with his left hand as if to say, "Who, me?", his right hand remaining on the coin he had been counting before Christ's entrance. It utilizes the fundamentally static medium of painting to convey characteristic human indecision after a challenge or command and before reaction.(Caravaggio). The dark and urgent nature of his paintings at this time must have reflected Caravaggio's desperate state of mind. Orphaned at age 11, he had many encounters with the law during his stay in Rome. He was imprisoned for several assaults and for killing an oppo nent after a disputed score in a game of court tennis( Caravaggio). Despite His bad reputation, he was to be co... Free Essays on Comparason Of Art from 1600 AD Free Essays on Comparason Of Art from 1600 AD Comparison of the 3 Great Works of Art from 1600 AD The period 1600AD saw the emergence of a new art style, the Baroque, which became as one of the greatest style in art history. It focuses on more realistic and emotionally charged themes and a good alternative to earlier mannerism style which uses unrealistic and exaggerated approach. There were also an increased in appreciation and imitation of Greek and Roman literature, art, and architecture which known to be the classicism style. Both the Baroque and Classicism movement brought about some of the greatest artist and works of art in the art history, especially in painting. Among them are: The Calling of St. Mathew by Italian painter Caraggavio, The Elevation of the Cross by the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens, The Funeral of Phocion by French artist Nicolas Poussin. The Calling of St. Mathew was one of the famous works of Caravaggio in Baroque style. It tells the story of the summoning of Levi (St. Mathew’s name before he was converted) to become one of the Disciples of Christ. In the painting, Levi was counting on his tax collection with his four assistance. Surprised by the intrusion and perhaps dazzled by the sudden light from the just-opened door, Levi draws back and gestures toward himself with his left hand as if to say, "Who, me?", his right hand remaining on the coin he had been counting before Christ's entrance. It utilizes the fundamentally static medium of painting to convey characteristic human indecision after a challenge or command and before reaction.(Caravaggio). The dark and urgent nature of his paintings at this time must have reflected Caravaggio's desperate state of mind. Orphaned at age 11, he had many encounters with the law during his stay in Rome. He was imprisoned for several assaults and for killing an oppo nent after a disputed score in a game of court tennis( Caravaggio). Despite His bad reputation, he was to be co...

Black History Month - African American Inventors, L

Black History Month - African American Inventors, L Black history inventors are listed alphabetically. Each listing has the name of the black inventor followed by the patent number(s) which is the unique number assigned to an invention when a patent is issued, the date the patent was issued, and a description of the invention as written by the inventor. If available, links are provided to in-depth articles, biographies, illustrations and photos on each individual inventor or patent.   Lewis Howard Latimer #147,363, 2/10/1874, Water closets for railway cars (co-inventor Charles W.Brown)#247,097, 9/13/1881, Electric lamp, (co-inventor Joseph V. Nichols)​#252,386, 1/17/1882, Process of manufacturing carbons#255,212, 3/21/1882, Globe supporter for electric lamps (co-inventor John Tregoning)#334,078, 1/12/1886, Apparatus for cooling and disinfecting#557,076, 3/24/1896, Locking rack for hats, coats, and umbrellas#781,890, 2/7/1905, Book supporter#968,787, 8/30/1910, Lamp fixture William A Lavalette #208,184, 9/17/1878, Improvement in printing presses#208,208, 9/17/1878, Variation of printing press Arthur Lee #2,065,337, 12/22/1936, Self propelled toy fish Henry Lee #61,941, 2/12/1867, Improvements in animal traps Joseph Lee #524,042, 8/7/1894, Kneading machine#540,553, 6/4/1895, Bread crumbing machine Lester A Lee #4,011,116, 3/8/1977, Carbon dioxide laser fuels Maurice William Lee #2,906,191, 9/29/1959, Aromatic pressure cooker and smoker Robert Lee #2,132,304, 10/4/1938, Safety attachment for automotive vehicles Herbert Leonard #3,119,657, 1/28/1964, Production of hydroxylamine hydrochloride#3,586,740, 6/22/1971, High impact polystyrene Frank W Leslie #590,325 9/21/1897 Envelope seal Francis Edward LeVert #4,091,288, 5/23/1978, Threshold self-powered gamma detector for use as a monitor of power in a nuclear reactor#4,722,610, 2/2/1988, Monitor for deposition on heat transfer surfaces#4,805,454, 2/21/1989, Continuous fluid level detector#4,765,943, Thermal neutron detectors and system using the same#4,316,180, Directional detector of changes in a local electrostatic field#4,280,684, Manual automobile pusher#4,277,727, Digital room light controller#4,259,575, Directional gamma detector#4,218,043, Manual automobile pusher#4,136,282, Directional detector of gamma rays#5,711,324, Hair drying curler apparatus#5,541,464, Thermionic generator#5,443,108, Upwardly deployed privacy blind#5,299,367, Hair drying curler apparatus#5,256,878, Self powered detector based monitor for radiographic cameras#6,886,274, Spring cushioned shoe#6,865,824, Fluid flow system for spring-cushioned shoe#6,665,957, Fluid flow system for spring-cushioned shoe#6,583,617, Barkhausen noise measurement probe with magneto resistive sensor and cylindrical magnetic shield #6,442,779, Portable feet elevator#6,353,656, Radioisotope based x-ray residual stress analysis apparatus#6,282,814, Spring cushioned shoe#6,240,967, Sleeve assembly for protecting conducting wires against damage by cutting implements#7,159,338, Fluid flow system for spring-cushioned shoe K Latimer to LeVert, Lewis to Lu Valle M Anthony L Lewis #483,359, 9/27/1892, Window cleaner Edward R Lewis #362,096, 5/3/1887, Spring gun James Earl Lewis #3,388,399, 6/11/1968, Antenna feed for two coordinate tracking radars Henry Linden #459,365, 9/8/1891, Piano truck Ellis Little #254,666, 3/7/1882, Bridle-bit Emanuel L Logan Jr #3,592,497, 7/13/1971, Door bar latch Amos E Long #610,715, 9/13/1898, Cap for bottle and jars (co-inventor Albert A Jones) Frederick J Loudin #510,432, 12/12/1893, Fastener for the meeting rails of sashes#512,308, 1/9/1894, Key fastener John Lee Love #542,419, 7/9/1895, Plasterers hawk#594,114, 11/23/1897, Pencil sharpener Henry R Lovell #D 87,753, 9/13/1932, Design for a doorcheck William E Lovett #3,054,666, 9/18/1962, Motor fuel composition James E Lu Valle #3,219,445, 11/23/1965, Photographic processes#3,219,448, 11/23/1965, Photographic medium and methods of preparing same#3,219,451, 11/23/1965, Sensitizing photographic media Continue black history database M

Global Supply Chain Management Case Study Report Essay

Global Supply Chain Management Case Study Report - Essay Example e supply chain that allows the achievement of business objectives, before an attempt is made to determine whether a lean approach or agile approach to manufacturing and supply chain management is most appropriate for Wal-Dart. However, the analysis using Fisher’s (1997) model proves inconclusive, although Singh and Sharma’s (2009) definition of lean manufacturing appears to describe the outcome desired by Wal-Dart, and Bruce et al (2001) find that, in the fashion and textile industries, aspects of both lean and agile approaches, that they termed â€Å"leagility†, can be appropriate. A more radical approach to Wal-Dart’s problems is suggested by Lee (2010) who considers that the whole of the supply chain should be reviewed and revamped if necessary, which allows a holistic view to be taken and also provide an opportunity for Wal-Dart to introduce a more sustainable supply chain. A more detailed analysis is undertaken using Slack et al’s (2009) four stages of a fast fashion supply chain: design, manufacture, distribution and sales. Several issues are considered that fall across the different stages, including information supply from the retail outlets, the inability to change the manufacturing locations in the immediate short term, the possibility of setting up distribution service centres with their own transport service, and using enterprise resource planning to integrate the whole supply chain for more immediate, accurate provision and use of information. The overlaps of these areas across the four stages supports the idea of a holistic approach to resolve the problems. This idea is further supported by Lubowe (2009) who finds that senior management support, organisational structures and technology are key ingredients to a successful global integration strategy involving three key elements of repeatable processes, optimised assets and integrated op erations. Overall, there is no one best solution to the problems Wal-Dart is experiencing revealed by

Scuba Dive in Zanzibar Island Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scuba Dive in Zanzibar Island - Essay Example It is one of the few and unique diving sites that provides yoga and diving services combined in the world. Each day the preparations begin early around five in the morning. We chose to join the expedition from kendwa beach which remained planned according to the tides that gave the best visibility in the least current. And we got to choose deep diving, drift diving, and fish identification. We wanted to see the more than three hundred and fifty fish species. There were nighttime dives to see the diverse beauty of the coral bommies close to the shore. The orientation experience widened our scope to incorporate a few more dive sites that extremely interested us. For snorkeling kendwa reef and kendwa gardens that remain located eight hundred meters from the dive base that makes it easily accessible. In case one chooses snorkeling it is vital to get safety tips and pointers at the dive center. We were also recommended to try Tumbatu Island, which is hidden, but a piece of beauty and fifteen minutes ride to it by speedboat. The prices are affordable and flexible to everyone. To get to tumbatu Island, the transport charge is forty-five dollars. To Mnenba Island a thirty minutes ride and dive costs eighty-five dollars. To learn snorkeling the charge is still eighty-five dollars. Since we had no kids, the costs for children remained omitted the regular expenses for children or teens. The PADI course costs a bit expensive as they cost three hundred and sixty-five dollars. The cost only accommodates the twelve meters dive. Since we chose a double dive on the northwest reef with the depth of twelve to eighteen meters and boat travel of fifteen minutes was charged a hundred and twenty dollars. For proper preparation, we chartered boats from the local scuba diving providers for diving and snorkeling lasting for five days. The five days had a minimum of ten dives and remained charged five hundred dollars. My niece loved adventure dives so we dedicated two  dives specifically for underwater photography of the sea creatures we got informed told would be found specifically on each dive.