Tuesday, January 28, 2020
Public Health Issue: Smoking
Public Health Issue: Smoking ENHANCING HEALTH AND WELLBEING ACROSS POPULATIONS: INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this essay is to identify a public health issue related in my field. To facilitate the discussion smoking as a public health issue has been chosen. The holistic impact smoking have on the wellbeing of an individual will be explored. The stage of change model and the Healthy Lives (2010) policy will be explored in relation to smoking. The rationale for choosing this topic is because smoking is an important public health issue. The smoke is very toxic to every human tissue it touches on its way into, through and out of the smoker’s body (Ewles 2005). The impact of tobacco smoking on public health extends beyond the direct effects on the individual smoker and their personal health, plus taking into account the effect on their economic, environmental and social effects (Ewles 2005). Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body thereby causing many diseases, reducing quality of life and life expectancy. Also it has been estimated that in England, 364,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to smoking related diseases which translates into about 7,000 hospital admission per week and 1,000 admissions per day (ASH 2006). In the UK, smoking causes about a fifth of all deaths, approximately 114,000 each year, most of which are premature with an average of 21 years early (Ewles 2005). According to Pe to et. al. (2003) cited in Ewles (2005), most premature deaths caused by smoking are Lung and coronary cancer, chronic obstructive heart diseases and coronary heart diseases with 42800, 29100 and 30600 deaths respectively every year. In addition, smoking is known to also bring increased risk of many debilitating conditions like impotence, infertility, gum disease, asthma and psoriasis (Ewles 2005). Research has also shown that non-smokers are put at risk by exposure to other people’s smoke which is known as passive or involuntary smoking and is also referred to as second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (Cancer Research 2009). Smoking is considered as a health hazard because Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, a poisonous alkaloid, and other harmful substances such as carbon monoxide, acrolein, ammonia and tars.Gorvenment initiatives like the Public Health White Paper, choosing health; Making Choices Easier (DH 2004) will be addressed. The nurse’s role and other professions involved will be highlighted .Confidentiality shall be maintained throughout this essay as prescribed by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008). In addition the fact about Nicotine (2006) suggests some people they smoke for different reason to justify their bad habits, some beliefs that smoking will make them loose weight/or maintaining their weight, peer pressure, reliefs stress, their families and siblings are smoking. Many people thinks it is a good thing to smoke whereas young ones thinks it is cool to be a smoker .The more you smoker too many cigarettes that’s how you get more the hormones from it.Smoking can cause chronic swelling of the mucus membranes of the airways, which adds to airways resistance. Public health is defined it as the science and art of protecting and promoting health and wellbeing, preventing ill health and prolonging life through the organised effects of society (Faculty of Public Health 2010). Smoking is defined as the inhaling and exhaling of smoke from tobacco of other drugs (World Health Organisation 2008). The Department of Health (2011) states that in the United Kingdom, smoking is one of the causes of avoidable premature deaths. The WHO (2008) estimates that tobacco smoking accounts for almost 6 million deaths worldwide that is including second-hand smoke and the number is expected rise to 7 million by 2020. Allender, et al (2009) states that for every smoking related death, 20 people are likely to suffer some disease associated with smoking such as cancer, COPD heart disease and stroke. In England between 2010-2011 smoking related diseases accounted for 5 percent of NHS hospital admissions and treating smoking related diseases costs the NHS approximately  £5 billion a year (Ericksen et al 2012). Smoking is known to affect the bio-psychosocial life of an individual as people smoke for different reasons Health Psychology: Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Perspectives. According to the DH (2009) nicotine, tar and bupropion are the most common toxins that have damaging effects to the body. â€Å"Pearson Nurse’s Drug (2010), states that Nicotine acts as a stimulant within the cardiovascular system and causes vasoconstriction, the thinning of blood vessels causing hypertension and chest pains. Goddard (2008) suggests that tar, is also toxic when inhaled during smoking and it reduces the elasticity of the lungs thereby reducing the intake of oxygen in the blood stream. Marmot The review key massage is on decreasing the social sectors and public groups has to work in organisation. (Marmot 2010) gradient in order to accomplish purposes in reducing health inequalities. Chances to decrease the social gradient has to be universal that is starting at a local level. For example authorising local groups and individuals shall be effective than concentrating on the disadvantaged only. This means that the NHS, private. The governments document Choosing Health (2004) seeks that people have choices about their health through health guides, receiving advice on their healthy living and being encouraged to make healthier changes in their lives. The introduction of the stop smoking service and a 24 hour free telephone service are important in supporting people to stop smoking. NICE (2011) highlights that Health professionals play a very important role in teaching them about the results of chain smoking and motivating them and empowering them into changing their behavioural life style. Tanahill model describes three aspects of health promotion, these three circle Identify the major functions of public health. The aspects are Health Education, Prevention and Health Protection. A vital component of health promotion is health education which aims to change behaviour by providing people with the knowledge and skills they require to make healthier decisions and enable them to fulfill their potential FILL IN SOMETHING LEFT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The health issues described above could be tackled in diverse angles. A Tanahill model of health is a guideline that professionals uses to protect, promote and educate individuals to make healthy choices. By educating and offering support health professionals can empower individuals to choice a healthy lifestyle. In 2012Hisocock, Bauld, Amos Filder and Munafo indicated that individuals use smoking as a coping device to manage pressures and stress. Also, Mendelsohn (2012) stated that smoking is intensely connected with depression, people that are depressed are more likely to smoke. In 2012, Turrell, Hewwitt and Miller identified that individuals that lives in deprived neighbourhood have more probability to smoke. Health inequalities are the differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups. (RNC, 2012). These differences are social determinants and may include: housing, financial security, education and environment in which people are born, grow up and live in. Housing: The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) identified that the possibility of being a smoker is considerably intensified for individuals that lives in a rented accommodation.Moreover,In 2011,Howden –chapman,Chandola,Stafford and Marmot stated that the self-esteem of an individual can be affected by the quality of their house. They further stated that, the effect of stress and not having control over repairs of one’s house can affect mental health. Also 2012 study by Ansell,Gu,Tuiut and Shinha stated that increasing stress is connected with increase chance of smoking. In 2013, Prochorskaite and Miliene stated that, damp condition in the house can lead to breathing problems and asthma, skin irritation’s and are also related to poor housing. According to Dahlgren and Whitehead (1991) Unemployment is a very popular determinant of health, many people and their family suffer from premature deaths because of this. NHS (2004) states that when an individual loses their job this can affect their self-esteem including their financial circumstances, which can therefore trigger emotional distress. Even though the relationship between unemployment and ill health is similar, unemployment is clearly related with greater levels of physical and psychological health for the individual who is unemployed, together with those close to them, as well as their community. NHS (2009). â€Å"A lot of jobless people will eventually lose contact with who they are as well as what they are†NHS (2012). Tanahill model states that nurses should be role model when providing education or assistance about smoking, as Carmel and Rijid (2000) said that nurses were the best people to give information in educating and counselling the public about smoking. Bethel J (2008) impulses all health profession who have yet to quit smoking not to give patients confusing smoke motions. When counselling the Nurses should continuously use four A’s, Ask, Assist, Arrange and Advice. The individual would be asked about their smoking pattern and assisted in making a choice. The clever methodology should be applied in setting accurate aims for the patients to follow. Information on the benefits of quitting to smoke and information such as brochures must be given to support the patient in making a choice People should be discharged and then referred to local NHS Stop Smoking . When discharging patients as nurse we should be helping by educating patients, counselling them, giving out flyers, try to educate them as much as we can, also nurses must make some referrals to community campaigners like Stoptober. Also knowledge of a person’s health beliefs is a condition to supporting interactive adjustment cessations. Marmot Report (2010), showed that there is more possibility for adults who take parts in courses in education to give up smoking and also that adults learning significantly aid positive alterations in health behaviours. The Report goes on to say individuals can be empowered through early intervention and local health trainers to manage their health however, several deprived individuals finds it hard to access and explore healthcare. In 2012 Tenn , Herman and Wendling stated that, education may raise alertness of the damaging health effect of smoking and individuals that are more educated are far less expected to smoke. As nurses we must indicate by models, we need to implement current smoking cessation interventions to reduce the tobacco credited flexibility and death.Smokers should be advised to stop smoking by following smoking cessations like clinical for behavioural supports.The National Institute for Health and Care Excecllence (NICE) recommending to reduce the prevalence of smoking in people in groups and ethnic groups. The Government gets profits by selling tobacco, yet this is an obstacle to people who are trying to stop smoking. When it comes to preventing and treating tobacco requirement nurses are the best people to act as agents of changes. Patients must have more counselling from Health professionals in order for them to quit smoking. Providing service users with some advices it benefits them to urges smoke, especially when speaking to somebody, keeping themselves busy or taking a walk. Smouldering cessations is a preventative health measure’s, yet several medical doctor give it only perfunctory mention during unchanging office appointments or avoid over it totally. (NRT) Nicotine Replacement Therapy or bupropion is to be given to people who are planning to quit smoking.These should be used as interventions.Goddard (2008) stated that smoking causes cardiovascular diseases occurs to people who are light smokers as well ( Dunn et al 1999). 24 300 deaths were from Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease such as chronic bronchitis and Emphysema were direct results of smoking. According to Jerome (1987) smoking one cigarette immediately raises a person’s blood pressure and heart rate decrease the blood flow to the body extremities such as the fingers and toes. Brain and nervous system activity is stimulated for a short time and then reduced, a smoker may also experience dizziness, nausea, watery eyes and acid stomach.Apettite and smell are weakened. Healthy Lives Healthy People (2010) highlight the vital role nurses play in the delivery of health promotion with particular attention on prevention at primary and secondary levels.Nurses have a wealth of skills and knowledge and use this knowledge to empower people to make lifestyle changes and choices. This encourages people to take charge of their own health and to increase feelings of personal autonomy (Karen.et.al 1999). Smoking is one of the biggest threats to public health, therefore nurses are in a prime position to help people to quit by offering encouragement, provide information and refer to smoking cessation services. Secondary prevention detects on early stage and it gives a swift treatment of diseases to cure the disease earlier. This helps to reduce the impact on peoples in community also states that screening for diseases has to be done, such as computerized test so that it will detect the heart diseases early, eye tests for glaucoma, blood tests, Pap test for cervical test and Prostate Specific Antigen (APS) test for prostate cancer screening will benefit people by getting disease to be detected early so that the treatment can be initiated.Tannahil model states that preventing helps to lessens mortality, morbidity and all those serious complications. In 2010 the white paper Healthy Live Healthy People set out the government long term policy for improving public health and in 2011 a new tobacco control plan was published (Department of Health 2011). The Whitepaper Healthy Life Healthy People set out a range of measures aimed at preventing people from starting to smoke and helping them to stop, such as banning cigarettes advertising on billboards, in size and action on tobacco intensified (DH, 2011).Issues highlighted were to ban retailers who sell tobacco to people. England shops under a series of measures set out by the Department of Health (DPH 2011).In 2010 a box of cigarette was higher up by 15p, later the head of government increased duties by 1% above deflation. Liability will double to 2% above deflation over 2011-2015.NHS smoking services is the health promotion strategy, which was started by the government in 2000.The administration has made stop smoking aid presented on NHS treatment, bupropion (zyban).NICE has hand out regulation on use of NRT and bupropion (zyban).NICE has given control on use of NRT and bupropion and role of therapy and support. The government release money every year to encourage the stop smoking packages and training is given to health care workers and Nurses. The Legal age limit was elevated from 16 to 18 years in October 2007 (ONS 2007 ).The Health Commission was to observed what PCT were doing to decrease smoking. Free smoking was banned from the 1st of July 2007 in England and it’s now a crime /offence .National Health Services (NHS 2010) The NHS stop smoking services and A24 hour free phone services is offered to help broad public quit smoking. The DH has employed so many adverts in the broadcasting concerning the hazards of smoking. Additional amount planned in the 2010 White Paper -smoking kills was to end the advertising and sponsorship and promotion of tobacco (ONS 2007). Who defines about what influences people’s health and what are effective interventions or strategies to improve health. Health promotion a process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve, their health. It implies that the ideology moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. Naidoo and Wills (2010), states ‘health promotion is based on theories. The Government strategy in England was to reduce the impact of tobacco in communities, campaigns organizations was organized and came up with a consultation report on the future of tobacco control (2008).this was to be achieved by working in partnership with local regional, national and international levels. In consultation 17% in the general population of which 23% among RM to be achieved by 2015.Maybe fewer smoking people by 2020, and to achieve one in 20 fewer smoking people by 2030.The government‘s goals were to achieve by Better enforcement of existing laws with respect of underage smoking linking with social market campaigns and tackling underage smoking linking with social markets campaigns, also PTC authorities to work in partnership to set priority groups. The United Kingdom Support International initiative and effort on tobacco control through the world health organization. (WHO) treaty Framework Convention on tobacco (FCTC), (DOH 2008).As smoking remains to be a majo r cause of preventable premature deaths with statistics of 137,000 smokers approximately. North Staffordshire came up with a vision of tobacco control Agenda for West Midlands in 2005-2008 , with the aim of Support for smoking cessation:- this consist a network scheme providing support to people who are determined to stop. Professionals are always available to help with brief interventions. Reducing exposure to second-hand smoke:-businesses in Staffordshire are encouraged to implement smoke-free policies to reduce passive smoking therefore enhance a safe environment for the public children inclusive (Stoke-on-Trent PCT).Naidoo Willis (2006) stated that reducing tobacco advertising and promotion:-this reduces smoke recruitment in youth.(smoke busters) (Stoke-on-Trent PCT National smoking communication.:- a national network and partnership in promoting smoke free environment in Staffordshire. Reducing availability of illicit and smuggled tobacco and underage sales.(DH2005). The impact of tobacco smoking on public health extends beyond the direct effects on the individual smoker and their personal health, plus taking into account the effect on their economic, environmental and social effects (Ewles 2005).). Smoking harms nearly every organ of the body thereby causing many diseases, reducing quality of life and life expectancy. Also it has been estimated that in England, 364,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to smoking related diseases which translates into about 7,000 hospital admission per week and 1,000 admissions per day (ASH 2006). In the UK, smoking causes about a fifth of all deaths, approximately 114,000 each year, most of which are premature with an average of 21 years early (Ewles 2005). According to Peto et. al. (2003) cited in Ewles (2005), most premature deaths caused by smoking are Lung and coronary cancer, chronic obstructive heart diseases and coronary heart diseases with 42800, 29100 and 30600 deaths respectively ev ery year. In addition, smoking is known to also bring increased risk of many debilitating conditions like impotence, infertility, gum disease, asthma and psoriasis (Ewles 2005). Research has also shown that non-smokers are put at risk by exposure to other people’s smoke which is known as passive or involuntary smoking and is also referred to as second-hand smoke (SHS) or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (Cancer Research 2009). Having mentioned prons and cons of smoking .The writers ‘s opinion is that stopping smoking is a better idea.
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Jiang Zemin :: essays research papers
Allen Bullock                                                   HST 407                                                       7/24/2003                                                       Jiang Zemin, as the President of China, will be leading the world's most populous country into the 21st century. A new biography of Mr. Jiang describes him as an economic reformer but not a political reformer and as someone often mistakenly believed to have blundered his way to power. Bruce Gilley is the author of the first western full-length study of the Chinese leader. Historians, political scientists, and journalists hungry for reliable information about Chinese politics have to rely on official publications, and on the semiofficial and nonofficial accounts that bubble up in Hong Kong. These are the same methods of tracking and analyzing China's political movements that outsiders have used for decades. It is in this Byzantine context that Bruce Gilley has written Tiger on the Brink, a biography of Jiang Zemin and a highly readable account of modern Chinese politics. Unfortunately, Gilley is sharply limited by the same lack of access as every other student of Zhongnanhai. A correspondent for The Far Eastern Economic Review who covered China out of Hong Kong, Gilley has done an admirable job of scouring Chinese-language publications for tidbits about Jiang's personal background. But hamstrung by lack of information, this story of Jiang's decade at the top of China's Communist Party only partly satisfies. Tiger on the Brink is essentially a first-rate job. However, Gilley had to rely overwhelmingly on secondary sources; as he relates in the preface, the closest he ever got to his subject was when he ran into the portly president in the men's room at the Great Hall of the People. And Jiang left the restroom before a surprised Gilley could think of a question to ask. The big cat in the book's title apparently refers to China, not Jiang, for it is unlikely that anyone would ever mistake the genial and cautious leader portrayed by Gilley for such a ferocious creature. Gilley reinforces the assessment of Jiang as a politically slippery but tenacious survivor, less tiger than â€Å"Mr. Tiger Balm,†a moniker he once gave himself, which Gilley uses to head a chapter. Jiang Zemin emerges from this book as a skilled political tactician, who distinguished himself over nearly 50 years of Communist Party politics not as an intellectual or a fighter but by his ability to get along with superiors and inferiors alike, and by making use of an unsurpassed knack for currying favor with influential men.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
JROTC Builds Character and Leardership
Junior ROTC can be a four year of your life with new experiences that builds character and leadership. Im a freshman and i joined JROTC when the school stared , and i wasn't sure what to expect about JROTC and the class mates. Throughout my six-months being a cadet, i was challanged emotionally, mentally , and physically. However i was able to learn about how to work in teams and how to become a leader. JROTC teaches character, leadership, personal responsibility, healthy lifestyles etc. It teaches responsibility, discipline and personal accountability. You do not have to go into the military if you join.If you are lacking in responsible adults in your life that teach you life lessons then JROTC can be really good. Or just if you need a new crowd of people to hang around with who will be positive influences. JROTC has taught me what I would not have learned in any other class in high school. Junior ROTC is unique because it gives us the independence to make decisions that impact us d irectly and we are free to make the organization our own. The goal is attained by mutual cooperation and behavior. They also teach us to build character and leadership by giving us guidence and putting the cadets in a position that we are not used to do.This helps us adapt to new things. The best leaders are those who can lead and direct without misuse of their power. They must be able to inspire others in a greater good. They must have honesty, confidence, communication, and commitment. JROTC brings us out the best in cadets because of the higher level of maturity expected of them from the teachers and the vast of students involvement in running the program. JROTC it is a great program that teaches leadership to students and is a worthwhile investment in one’s future. I love JROTC because it’s a place that im with friends that respect me for who I am .
Friday, January 3, 2020
Macbeth Compared to Hitler Essay - 1305 Words
Although literature is fiction, often the conflict in a work will be strikingly similar to that of a real event. For example, the central issue of the abusive dictatorship of Macbeth in Macbeth, by William Shakespeare parallels that of the terrorizing dictatorship of Adolf Hitler during the early part of the Twentieth Century. In both of these horrible situations, there is a similarity in the challenging rise to power each must go through, their traumatizing dictatorships which destroyed many lives, and the treacherous downfall which ultimately led to their demise. Macbeth and Hitler were both loved by their people, but both charismatic leaders manipulated the people to gain power. Macbeth was respected and loved by the King and the†¦show more content†¦The times were tough for the people of Germany and Hitler saw that he could gain power with a little manipulation and appealing to the desperate people’s needs. Hitler ran for president and made many hopeful, inspirational speeches to large crowds of people. When Hitler was in his campaign to regain power in the Nazi party, he threw a speech in a large hall. People were amazed at how well he spoke and seemed to know their problems and were inspired. â€Å" Former party leaders, who had come only to watch, now marched onto the platform, shook his hand, or embraced him.†(Stewart 46). The German people fell in love with him and followed his political rise very closely and supported his message. Even though Hitler lost two close political races to Paul von Hindenburg, he ended up succeeding him in office when von Hindenburg died and made it possible for Hitler to become president. Hitler needed more support to legalize his Nazi party. In order to gain more support, Hitler set fire to the Parliament building in Germany. The German people were scared and Hitler told the public that the communist had set the building on fire. The people falsely believed him and had trust in Hitler giving him more power than ever before. Macbeth and Hitler’s dictatorships were both terrorizing and frightful, especially to the two groups of people they ruled. When Macbeth was in power, he was paranoid of a conspiracy being launched against him. MacbethShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth Draft1040 Words  | 5 PagesStuart Wodzro Honours English 9, Block 2 Shakespeare Essay February 26, 2016 MacBeth Draft No. 3 The strive for power is a human impulse, perhaps even a primitive compulsion. And, in the case of human beings at least, the impulse is not restricted solely to the necessities of life. Beings are devoted to gaining raw power itself and, through it, they loses themselves. As one may know, the lust for power is a mode of selfishness, where at one attempts to gratify every passion, but alas pleonexiaRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1220 Words  | 5 PagesMacbeth I have been given the task and privilege of directing the film Macbeth, (Macbeth) and the essay will examine many aspects of the play including the main characters, personalities, themes as well as the important incidents in the film and the historical background. I have chosen Lady Macbeth as the main character for discussion. The 2010 film, saw Macbeth as Stalin and the weird sisters or witches were portrayed as nurses and then cooks. It was filmed in an abbey which retained some of theRead MoreAbsolute Power Corrupts Absolutly in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1390 Words  | 6 PagesCorrupts Absolutly in Shakespeares Macbeth It is common knowledge that it is human nature to crave power. 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Thursday, December 26, 2019
The Battle For Equal Rights Among Women Essay - 1428 Words
The battle for equal rights among women was a prolonged and challenging movement that stretched over two centuries of American history and is arguably one of the most important reform efforts in our nation’s affairs. The 1995 PBS documentary, â€Å"One Woman, One Vote†successfully established an informative timeline, using letters, film reels, photographs and a variety of voices, to recreate the events during this strenuous fight for equality. In a 72 year existence of the Declaration of Independence and woman having no right over their children, their own bodies and absolutely no political foothold; woman ceased to exist legally for far too long. Half of the citizens in America were keeping the other half from the ballots and those who cited women of having no rights were accused of blasphemy. The year of 1848, declared a necessary and paramount social issue, woman’s suffrage, in high hopes to prompt change among the western nation. These women knowingly commen ced a revolution that would change the course of history forever. Lingering over the course of 72 years, the women’s suffrage movement developed in four stages of monumental history. At the time of the first stage, beginning in 1848, woman began to organize for their own rights. During the month of July on this year was the first ever United States woman’s rights convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, an American suffrage activist and leading figure in the movement, appeared as the group’s leader. Familiar faces, such as,Show MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass And The Fight For Women s Suffrage1357 Words  | 6 Pagesunlike many men believed that women too were people and deserved all of the rights a man was given. He believed this because black men were previously apart from the equality of all men, and they too should be apart in gaining this equality for all. Douglass, along with other strong willed women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. 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Wednesday, December 18, 2019
An Introductory Class Of Cinema And Cultural Studies
Taking an introductory class to Cinema and Cultural Studies has truly been a remarkable experience for me. Considering the fact that I am in the Health Science major, it would be highly unlikely for me to take a class with any relation to cinema or cultural studies. I only enrolled in this class to fulfill one of my Stony Brook Curriculum requirements, however I absolutely do not regret my decision at all. Every Monday night I am given an opportunity to watch a film, from either the twentieth or twenty-first century, focusing on issues such as racism, genocide, adultery, homosexuality, and many more. Whether I had cried my eyes out or laughed nonstop throughout the movie, I would leave the lecture hall with an even greater appreciation of†¦show more content†¦Something that I believe really took away from this movie would be the editing. The transition between scenes is quite frankly abrupt and distracting; at the end of several scenes, the entire screen would intensify to a bloody red color, which forced me to look away because my eyes hurt from looking at it. Another bad case of editing can be seen more towards the end of the film. When Francois finds Therese’s corpse by the side of the pond, he embraces her in his arms, with his head on her chest devastated. When I first watched this scene, I thought there was some sort of glitch with the system because the scene started replaying about ten times. It appears that Agnes Varda’s intention was to make this scene as emotional and dramatic as possible, but when a clip is replayed constantly it can be misinterpreted as comedic; everyone watching, including myself, burst out in laughter when we saw this part of the movie. From my perspective, another flaw in Happiness that made it a second-rate film was the plot. I was confused by various parts of the film and even after the film was finished, I had so many questions left. From just the opening scenes of this movie, it is quite obvious tha t Francois and Therese are deeply in love with each other; often times they will express their love for each other through physical touch and sexual intercourse. But I
Tuesday, December 10, 2019
Issues and Challenges in Sustainable Tourism Development
Questions: 1. Understanding current issues related to tourism development planning.2. Understanding the socio-cultural, environmental and economic impacts of tourism in developing countries and emerging destinations. Answers: 1. Understanding current issues related to tourism development planning Evaluation of methods of resolving a conflict of interests to ensure the future wellbeing of a developing tourism destination such as Okavango Delta Botswana The article, Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana by Joseph E. Mbaiwa portrays the conflict of interest between the local resident of Okavango Delta, Botswana and the hotel companies that have developed in the place to promote enclave tourism (Mbaiwa 2005). Due to its vivid flora and fauna, Okavango Delta, Botswana has been able to attracts foreign tourists but the conditions of the local residents have not become any better. The hotels have been benefitted due to the advent of the foreign tourists but the clash of interest occurs when it comes to the betterment of the loves of the local people. The tourism policy that was implemented in the year, 1990 one such method that has helped in the social development of the place. The foreign tourists are charged hefty amounts if they had to use the local amenities as quoted by the policy (Mbaiwa 2011). Thus, the local people gained from the revenues that the foreign tourists had to pay while visiting the place. Eventually, it decreased the number of tourists as only those tourists can come to the place who can spend more. The charges that the tourists had to pay to use the amenities made the conditions of the local people better than before. Analysis of the implications of balancing supply and demand with reference to the Okavango Delta Botswana case study According to the articles, a disparity is been seen between the demand and supply in Okavango Delta, Botswana (Mbaiwa 2005). The rich vegetation and the wildlife are the main reasons behind the high demand of the place among the tourists. Especially, after the advent of the enclave toursim, the demand from the foreign tourists has increased a great deal. On the contrary, the supply is being made through a different source. The local people are deprived if making any supply to the foreign investment and hence, there is minimal upliftment as far as the local population is concerned. The local population is mainly engaged in jobs like maids, drivers, porters and kitchen staffs. To serve the foreign tourists, foreign workers are being hired to serve the managerial posts and other higher-level posts (Mbaiwa 2011). In spite of being a place of high demand among the foreign tourists, the local population can contribute a very less amount of their resources and avail less amount of monetary gains from the foreign investments. Evaluation of the moral and ethical issues of enclave tourism in the Okavango Delta Botswana case study The moral issue that comes into light is the low level of upliftment for the local populations. The local people are the main driving force of the place. Due to the enclave tourism, the foreign companies invest on a particular area. The area is a part of the land owned by the local people, yet they get the minimal support from the companies. They just get a small amount of money is exchange of the land. The local people are given employment in those posts which require low-skilled workers (Mbaiwa 2005). Taxation is another issue that has arisen due to enclave tourisms. Even if some of the companies work in Okavango Delta, Botswana, yet they are registered outside the place. As a result, those companies do not pay any tax to the government in Okavango Delta Botswana. It has been seen that only 11percent of the tourist companies pay the local tax in Okavango Delta Botswana. Due to the disparity is paying the taxes; the place is not able to get the required social and economic development that it should receive. A place where the local population is mainly dependent on the agriculture and livestock, they suffer a loss due to the advent of the foreign companies. The hotel buildings have taken a huge portion of their land, which were earlier used by the farmers. In addition this, the farmers are not getting enough return from the companies. It is ethically wrong to make use of lands that are the sole way of income for the people living in that place. The waste products that is released from the hotels, affect the nature of Okavango Delta, Botswana. The government is taking no serious measure the than the Tourism Policy 1990. The companies are least interested in preserving the nature, which in turn harms the people, the wildlife and the natural vegetation of the place. 2. Understanding the socio-cultural, environmental and economic impacts of tourism in developing countries and emerging destinations Comparing the current issues associated with tourism development in a developing country and an emerging destination where the impacts of tourism are different Thailand is one of the developing countries, where the development of tourism has been seen to a great deal. The main growth of the Thailand tourism took place in the year, 1987 with the advent of the Visit Thailand Year (Hall and Page 2012). Since then the growth has been constant even after the Gulf War that took place in the year, 1991. Economically, Thailand tourism has grown drastically. The growth is called the golden decade of Thai tourisms (Ishii 2012). It has been seen that not only the international tourists but also the local tourists have also contributed to the growth of the tourism (Ghimire 2013). Eventually, the economic standard of the people has risen for the better. The main issue that Thailand has faced due to the advent of tourism is the transfer of funds outside the country (Coren and Gray 2012). As the people are becoming economically strong, they are going for vacations outside the country. As a result, the revenue that the country used to get from the local tr avelers is gradually decreasing (Connell 2013). Another emerging destination in the world, which has come into limelight due to the advent of tourism, is Brazil. For being the host of the upcoming football world cup, Brazil, has caught a lot of tourist attractions. It is the second international destination in South America and has the third most importance in Latin America. A huge percentage of tourists come from South America, especially from Argentina. Thirty-five percent of the footfall of the tourist is from Europe and the 15 percent of the footfall is from the United States (Terrero 2014). The most popular places of interest in Brazil are Rio De Janeiro, Sao Paulo and Salvador de Bahia. However, even if Brazil is gaining importance in the tourism sector, the impact of tourism is creating in the country. One of the major issues is the division between the rich and the poor (Haddad, Porsse and Rabahy 2013). Brazil, which is famous for its art forms is gradually losing its originality. The designs are being changed as per the demand of the tourist and the original form of art is gradually being vanished from the place (Morrison 2013). The indigenous communities are also getting affected due to the impact of tourism. The hotel companies are taking up the land of the indigenous communities to build the hotels and resorts (Graci 2013). As a result, there is a very little amount of land left for the community members (Pablo-Romero and Molina 2013). Hence, it can be seen that when on one hand, Brazil is being positively influenced by the tourism industry, on the other hand, the original art and the same are negatively influencing people of Brazil. Evaluation, with recommendations, the future development of tourism in these chosen destinations Economic growth is good but in case of Thailand, it is harming the country in an opposite manner. To decrease the amount of money that is going outside the country, the government can increase the amount of tax payable by the tourists who are going for foreign trips. In this way, only those tourists who can afford to p[ay a huge amount of money will go for foreign trips, while other tourists will go for trips within Thailand. In this ways, the Thailand tourism will have lesser amount of funds going out of the country. As far as Brazil is concerned, the government need to take steps to protect the indigenous communities and look after the people who are the original residents of the place. The art form need to be preserved by the government or else, brazil will lose its original art forms and culture. Before giving permission to any of the company that wants to extend their business in Brazil, the government should first see their area of business. In addition to this, the government should also evaluate, whether the business is harming nay of the indigenous communities. In addition to this, social measures should be taken to see that the advent of the hotel companies is not having any negative environmental impacts in the place. References Connell, J., 2013. Contemporary medical tourism: Conceptualisation, culture and commodification.Tourism Management,34, pp.1-13. Coren, N. and Gray, T., 2012. Commodification of volunteer tourism: A comparative study of volunteer tourists in Vietnam and in Thailand.International Journal of Tourism Research,14(3), pp.222-234. Ghimire, K.B., 2013.The native tourist: Mass tourism within developing countries. Routledge. Graci, S., 2013. Collaboration and partnership development for sustainable tourism.Tourism Geographies,15(1), pp.25-42. Haddad, E.A., Porsse, A.A. and Rabahy, W., 2013. Domestic tourism and regional inequality in Brazil.Tourism Economics,19(1), pp.173-186. Hall, C.M. and Page, S., 2012.Tourism in south and southeast Asia. Routledge. Ishii, K., 2012. The impact of ethnic tourism on hill tribes in Thailand.Annals of Tourism Research,39(1), pp.290-310. Mbaiwa, J.E., 2005. Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana.Tourism Management,26(2), pp.157-172. Mbaiwa, J.E., 2011. Hotel companies, poverty and sustainable tourism in the Okavango Delta, Botswana.World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development,7(1), pp.47-58. Morrison, A.M., 2013.Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Routledge. Pablo-Romero, M.D.P. and Molina, J.A., 2013. Tourism and economic growth: A review of empirical literature.Tourism Management Perspectives,8, pp.28-41. Terrero, L. (2014).Social Impacts of tourism in Brazil. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://qualitycoast.info/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Dossier-Brazil-Social-impacts.pdf [Accessed 29 Jun. 2016].
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